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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">从浏览器地址栏输入url到显示页面的步骤</h1>
        

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        <h3 id="简易版"><a href="#简易版" class="headerlink" title="简易版"></a>简易版</h3><ol>
<li>浏览器根据请求的URL交给DNS域名解析，找到真实IP，向服务器发起请求；</li>
<li>服务器交给后台处理完成后返回数据，浏览器接收文件（HTML、JS、CSS、图象等）；</li>
<li>浏览器对加载到的资源（HTML、JS、CSS等）进行语法解析，建立相应的内部数据结构（如HTML的DOM）；</li>
<li>载入解析到的资源文件，渲染页面，完成。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="详细版"><a href="#详细版" class="headerlink" title="详细版"></a>详细版</h3><ol>
<li>在浏览器地址栏输入url</li>
<li>浏览器查看<strong>缓存</strong>,如果请求资源在缓存中并且新鲜,跳转到转码步骤<ol>
<li>如果资源未缓存,发起新请求</li>
<li>如果已缓存,检验是否足够新鲜,足够新鲜直接提供给客户端,否则与服务器进行验证</li>
<li>检验新鲜通常有两个http头进行空值Expires和cache-control:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>HTTP1.0提供Expires,值为一个绝对时间表示缓存新鲜日期</li>
<li>HTTP1.1增加了Cache-Control:max-age=,值为秒为单位的最大新鲜时间</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>浏览器<strong>解析URL</strong>获取协议,主机,端口,path</li>
<li>浏览器<strong>组装一个HTTP(GET)请求报文</strong></li>
<li>浏览器<strong>获取主机IP地址</strong>,过程如下:<ol>
<li>浏览器缓存</li>
<li>本机缓存</li>
<li>hosts文件</li>
<li>路由器缓存</li>
<li>ISP DNS缓存</li>
<li>DNS递归查询</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>打开一个socket与目标IP地址,端口<strong>建立TCP链接</strong>,上次握手如下:<ol>
<li>客户端发送一个TCP的SYN=1,Seq=X的包到服务器端口</li>
<li>服务器发回SYN=1,ACK=X+1,Seq=Y的响应包</li>
<li>客户端发送ACK=Y+1,Seq=Z</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>TCP连接建立后<strong>发送HTTP请求</strong></li>
<li>服务器接收请求并解析,将请求转发到服务程序,如虚拟主机使用HTTP Host头部判断请求的服务程序</li>
<li>服务器<strong>检查HTTP头是否包含缓存验证信息</strong> 如果验证缓存新鲜,返回304等对应状态码</li>
<li>处理程序读取完整请求并准备HTTP相应,可能需要查询数据库等操作</li>
<li>服务器将响应报文通过TCP连接发送回浏览器</li>
<li>浏览器接收HTTP响应，然后根据情况关闭TCP连接或者保留重用,关闭TCP连接的四次握手如下:<ol>
<li>主动方发送Fin=1,ACK=Z,Seq=X报文</li>
<li>被动方发送ACK=X+1,Seq=Z报文</li>
<li>被动方发送Fin=1， ACK=X， Seq=Y报文</li>
<li>主动方发送ACK=Y， Seq=X报文</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>浏览器检查响应状态吗：是否为1XX，3XX， 4XX， 5XX，这些情况处理与2XX不同</li>
<li>如果资源可缓存，进行缓存</li>
<li>对响应进行解码（例如gzip压缩）</li>
<li>根据资源类型决定如何处理（假设资源为HTML文档）</li>
<li><strong>解析HTML文档，构件DOM树，下载资源，构造CSSOM树，执行js脚本</strong>，这些操作没有严格的先后顺序，以下分别解释</li>
<li>构建DOM树：<ol>
<li><strong>Tokenizing</strong>：根据HTML规范将字符流解析为标记</li>
<li><strong>Lexing</strong>：词法分析将标记转换为对象并定义属性和规则</li>
<li><strong>DOM construction</strong>：根据HTML标记关系将对象组成DOM树</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>解析过程中遇到图片、样式表、js文件，启动下载</li>
<li>构建CSSOM树：<ol>
<li><strong>Tokenizing</strong>：字符流转换为标记流</li>
<li><strong>Node</strong>：根据标记创建点</li>
<li><strong>CSSOM</strong>：节点创建CSSOM树</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>根据DOM树和CSSOM树构建渲染树:<ol>
<li>从DOM树的根节点遍历所有<strong>可见节点</strong>，不可见节点包括：1）script,meta这样本身不可见的标签。2)被css隐藏的节点，如<code>display: none</code></li>
<li>对每一个可见节点，找到恰当的CSSOM规则并应用</li>
<li>发布可视节点的内容和计算样式</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><strong>js解析如下：</strong><ol>
<li>浏览器创建Document对象并解析HTML，将解析到的元素和文本节点添加到文档中，此时<strong>document.readystate为loading</strong></li>
<li>HTML解析器遇到<strong>没有async和defer的script时</strong>，将他们添加到文档中，然后执行行内或外部脚本。这些脚本会同步执行，并且在脚本下载和执行时解析器会暂停。这样就可以用document.write()把文本插入到输入流中。<strong>同步脚本经常简单定义函数和注册事件处理程序，他们可以遍历和操作script和他们之前的文档内容</strong></li>
<li>当解析器遇到设置了<strong>async</strong>属性的script时，开始下载脚本并继续解析文档。脚本会在它<strong>下载完成后尽快执行</strong>，但是解析器不会停下来等它下载。异步脚本<strong>禁止使用document.write()</strong>，它们可以访问自己script和之前的文档元素</li>
<li>当文档完成解析，<strong>document.readState变成interactive</strong></li>
<li>所有d<strong>efer脚本会按照在文档出现的顺序执</strong>行，延迟脚本能访问完整文档树，禁止使用document.write()</li>
<li>浏览器在<strong>Document对象上触发DOMContentLoaded事件</strong></li>
<li>此时文档完全解析完成，浏览器可能还在等待如图片等内容加载，等<strong>这些内容完成载入并且所有异步脚本完成载入和执行，document.readState变为complete，window触发load事件</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><strong>显示页面（HTML解析过程中会逐步显示页面）</strong><br>详细简版<ol>
<li>从浏览器接收url到开启网络请求线程（这一部分可以展开浏览器的机制以及进程与线程之间的关系）</li>
<li>开启网络线程到发出一个完整的HTTP请求（这一部分涉及到dns查询，TCP/IP请求，五层因特网协议栈等知识）</li>
<li>从服务器接收到请求到对应后台接收到请求（这一部分可能涉及到负载均衡，安全拦截以及后台内部的处理等等）</li>
<li>后台和前台的HTTP交互（这一部分包括HTTP头部、响应码、报文结构、cookie等知识，可以提下静态资源的cookie优化，以及编码解码，如gzip压缩等）</li>
<li>单独拎出来的缓存问题，HTTP的缓存（这部分包括http缓存头部，ETag，catch-control等）</li>
<li>浏览器接收到HTTP数据包后的解析流程（解析html-词法分析然后解析成dom树、解析css生成css规则树、合并成render树，然后layout、painting渲染、复合图层的合成、GPU绘制、外链资源的处理、loaded和DOMContentLoaded等）</li>
<li>CSS的可视化格式模型（元素的渲染规则，如包含块，控制框，BFC，IFC等概念）</li>
<li>JS引擎解析过程（JS的解释阶段，预处理阶段，执行阶段生成执行上下文，VO，作用域链、回收机制等等）</li>
<li>其它（可以拓展不同的知识模块，如跨域，web安全，hybrid模式等等内容）</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>

      
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